Lymphedema and CPL in horses - Overview
Lymphedema and CPL in horses: A comprehensive overview
Lymphedema and chronic lymphatic congestion (CPL) are unfortunately not uncommon in horses. These diseases affect the lymphatic system, which plays a key role in drainage and the body's immune defense. Inadequate drainage of lymph fluid leads to swelling and can impair the animal's well-being and performance. In this blog post, you'll learn everything you need to know about the development, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphedema and CPL in horses.
What is lymphedema?
Lymphedema is a condition in which lymph fluid is not properly drained, leading to swelling in the affected areas of the body. The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid that work together to remove excess fluid, waste products, and pathogens from the tissues. When this process is disrupted, fluid builds up in the tissues, resulting in swelling, known as lymphedema.
What is CPL?
CPL (chronic progressive lymphangitis) is a specific form of lymphedema that typically manifests in horses with chronic swelling and inflammation of the lymphatic system. Unlike normal lymphedema, CPL is a progressive disease associated with ongoing inflammatory processes and impaired lymphatic drainage. The horse's limbs, especially the hind legs, are frequently affected.
Causes of lymphedema and CPL
Lymphedema and CPL can be triggered by various factors, including:
- Injuries and surgeries : Traumatic events that damage the lymphatic system can lead to lymphedema. This can occur after surgical procedures or fractures that damage lymphatic vessels.
- Infections : Infections, especially of bacterial origin, can affect the lymphatic system and lead to inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which may predispose to CPL.
- Genetic predisposition : A predisposition to lymphedema has been observed in certain horse breeds. These horses may have a weakened lymphatic vessel structure, making drainage difficult.
- Overload of the lymphatic system : Long-term overload of the legs, for example due to heavy physical exertion or intensive training, can also lead to an accumulation of lymphatic fluid.
- Parasite infestation : In some cases, parasites such as Onchocerca (a nematode) or strongyles can damage the lymphatic system and lead to CPL.
Symptoms of lymphedema or CPL in horses
The symptoms of lymphedema or CPL can vary depending on the severity of the disease. Typical signs include:
- Swelling : Particularly common in the legs, which appear soft and doughy. The swelling may worsen with movement or exertion.
- Hardening of the tissue : In advanced stages, the affected tissue may become harder due to the formation of collagen deposits.
- Heat and redness : Inflammatory processes often lead to redness and increased skin temperature.
- Pain and lameness : The swelling can be painful and cause the horse to lame, especially if the area is severely affected.
- Increased susceptibility to infections : Due to impaired lymph flow, the immune system is weakened, making the horse more susceptible to infections.
diagnosis
The diagnosis of lymphedema, or CPL, is made through a combination of clinical examination and imaging. The most common diagnostic procedures include:
- Clinical examination : The veterinarian will first perform a thorough examination of the horse to evaluate the extent of the swelling, the texture of the affected tissue and other accompanying symptoms.
- Ultrasound examination : An ultrasound can help assess the structure of the lymph vessels and the condition of the surrounding tissue.
- Blood tests : Blood tests can help determine possible infection or inflammation.
- Lymphography : In some cases, a special examination is performed in which a contrast agent is injected into the lymphatic vessels to obtain an accurate representation of lymph flow and congestion.
Treatment options
The treatment of lymphedema and CPL in horses can vary depending on the severity of the disease and usually requires a multidisciplinary approach:
- Drug therapy : Anti-inflammatory drugs and diuretics can help reduce swelling and promote lymphatic drainage.
- Compression therapy : Wearing compression bandages or stockings can help reduce fluid retention and improve lymphatic flow.
- Physiotherapy and lymphatic drainage : Regular massages and special physiotherapy techniques, such as manual lymphatic drainage, can stimulate lymph flow and help reduce swelling.
- Surgical interventions : In severe cases where the lymphatic system has undergone significant changes, surgical treatment may be considered to improve lymphatic drainage.
- Exercise and training : Targeted exercise therapies, such as slow and controlled riding or lunging, can help strengthen muscles and promote lymphatic flow.
Prevention
There are several ways to prevent lymphedema or CPL:
- Injury prevention : Handle the horse carefully to prevent injuries that could damage the lymphatic system.
- Regular exercise : Balanced exercise helps promote lymphatic flow naturally.
- Healthy lifestyle habits : Species-appropriate housing, appropriate feeding and regular veterinary check-ups contribute to the horse's overall health.
- Early treatment of infections : Infections should be treated early to prevent possible impairment of the lymphatic system.
Conclusion
Lymphedema and CPL are complex conditions that can significantly impact a horse's well-being. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are crucial to improving the horse's condition and preventing symptoms from worsening. Horse owners should consult a veterinarian immediately at the first sign of swelling or lameness to initiate appropriate treatment.
Careful preventive management and regular check-ups help to minimize the risk of lymphatic system disease and ensure the horse's long-term well-being.
Source: Martina Hemm July 2025
