Minerals for horses – How important are they?
Minerals for horses – How important are they?
Minerals are of great importance for horses as they fulfil a variety of important functions in the body. They contribute to the formation of bones and teeth, support the immune system and regulate Metabolism. A mineral deficiency can lead to a number of health problems, such as muscle cramps or digestive problems.
The role of minerals in the horse’s body is therefore essential and should not be underestimated.
Which minerals does a horse need
Horses need a variety of minerals to stay healthy. The most important ones include Calcium, Phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium. Calcium is especially important for bone and tooth formation, as well as muscle contractions. Phosphorus also supports bone and tooth growth and energy metabolism in the body. Magnesium plays an important role in regulating blood sugar levels and also helps reduce stress. Sodium is an electrolyte that contributes to maintaining a balanced water balance.
A balanced ratio of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium is particularly important for the horse's health. These minerals are present in many feeds, but an unbalanced diet can lead to deficiencies or excesses. To ensure that the horse receives all the necessary minerals, we recommend regularly checking the feed and, if necessary, supplementing it with special mineral feeds such as our high-quality Vitamin
Important minerals for horses
- Calcium – involved in bone and tooth structure, muscle work
- Phosphorus – important for energy metabolism and mineralization
- Magnesium – supports nerve functions and muscle relaxation
- Sodium & Chloride – regulate fluid balance and nerve impulses
- Potassium – contributes to muscle function and acid-base balance
- Iron – component of red blood pigment
- Zinc – involved in skin, coat and hoof metabolism
- Copper – supports enzyme processes and blood formation
- Manganese – relevant for cartilage and bone metabolism
- Selenium – component of antioxidant enzymes
Which feeds contain these minerals
A balanced Nutrition A mixture of hay or grass and concentrates can help ensure that horses receive all the necessary minerals. Hay is generally high in calcium but low in phosphorus, so supplementary feed may need to be added to compensate. Concentrates such as oats or barley are rich in carbohydrates but low in vitamins and minerals, so they should not be fed as the main ingredient but only as a supplement to the basic feed. Therefore, we recommend adding natural mineral feed, which are specifically tailored to the needs of horses. These feeds contain precisely measured amounts of all necessary vitamins and minerals to ensure your horse gets everything it needs.
Mineral sources for horses
- Hay and grass are the basis; their mineral content varies greatly depending on region and harvest time. Hay analyses provide reliable information.
- Straw is rich in fiber, supports digestion and extends feeding time, but contains only limited amounts of minerals.
- Mineral feeds and supplements are beneficial when used according to needs. Pay attention to declared levels and the risks associated with combinations.
- Licking stones offer a way for the needs-oriented self-absorption of sodium and certain trace elements.
- Algae-based preparations (e.g., Ascophyllum nodosum) are used regionally; they provide natural micronutrients but should also be dosed carefully.
How do I recognize a mineral deficiency in a horse?
There are various signs that a horse may be suffering from a mineral deficiency. Poor hoof quality with brittle horn may indicate a zinc deficiency, muscle cramps may be due to potassium or magnesium deficiencies, and hair loss and a dull coat may be the result of a copper or selenium deficiency. If you suspect a mineral deficiency, you should consult your veterinarian.
The correct supply of all important minerals is crucial for your horse's health. Therefore, always make sure you provide your horse with plenty of high-quality hay and carefully monitor the levels of individual minerals in the feed – this is the only way to keep your horse healthy and fit!
Symptoms of mineral deficiency and excess
Calcium deficiency in horses
A calcium deficiency in horses can lead to a variety of symptoms. These include muscle tremors, cramps, and weakness in the legs, as well as an increased susceptibility to bone fractures. The horse's teeth can also be affected and become brittle.
Conversely, an excess of calcium
can also have negative effects on the animal. This can lead to the formation of mineral deposits in the tissue or an imbalance in the blood pH. It is therefore important to maintain a balanced ratio between calcium and other minerals such as magnesium. However, if a deficiency or excess is suspected, veterinary examinations should be conducted to ensure early detection and treatment of any subsequent damage.
Phosphorus deficiency in horses
manifests itself in reduced motivation and loss of appetite. Muscle tremors, cramps, or even bone fractures can also occur. A phosphorus deficiency can also lead to impaired calcium absorption.
An excess of phosphorus
However, it can impair the absorption of other minerals such as magnesium or zinc, thus also having a negative impact on the horse's health. It is therefore important that the calcium and phosphorus ratio in the feed is correct and regularly monitored. In addition to phosphorus deficiency, there are other mineral deficiencies or excesses that can manifest themselves in various symptoms.
Magnesium deficiency in horses
Magnesium is an important mineral that is essential for a variety of bodily functions in horses. A magnesium deficiency can manifest itself in various ways and lead to health problems. Symptoms of a magnesium deficiency in horses include muscle tremors, nervousness, restlessness, and cramps. Digestive problems such as Diarrhea or constipation can occur. To determine a possible magnesium deficiency, you should first check your horse's feed. A balanced diet with sufficient hay and mineral feed can provide relief.
Magnesium excess horse
Too much magnesium in the horse's body can, for example, lead to reduced performance, muscle tremors, or digestive problems. A blood test is recommended to determine whether there is a possible excess. If the level is indeed elevated, it is important to determine the cause. Possible reasons could be an overdose of magnesium-containing supplements or high intake through the feed. In any case, a veterinarian should be consulted so that a suitable treatment plan can be developed together with the owner. In many cases, simply changing the feed is enough to allow the magnesium level to return to the normal range. A balanced mineral balance plays an important role in maintaining the health of every horse and should always be monitored - both with regard to deficiencies and excesses.
Sodium deficiency in horses
However, a deficiency or excess of sodium can lead to health problems. Sodium deficiency usually occurs when the horse doesn't consume enough salt and mineral-rich feed. Symptoms can include fatigue, muscle cramps, and dehydration. In severe cases, it can even lead to circulatory collapse.
An excess of sodium
Salt, on the other hand, usually results from excessive intake of salty feed or water. Here, too, the consequences can be serious: The horse suffers from diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps, as well as increased thirst. To ensure a balanced sodium balance, you should pay attention to what you feed. A lick stone is sufficient, allowing the horse to help itself as needed.
Potassium deficiency in horses
Potassium plays a crucial role in the regulation of muscle and nerve cells as well as in water balance and Acid-base balance. A potassium deficiency can therefore lead to a variety of problems. Symptoms of a potassium deficiency include muscle weakness and fatigue, loss of appetite, and constipation. Cardiac arrhythmias can also occur, as the electrolyte has a significant influence on heart muscle contraction. There are many causes of a potassium deficiency: an unbalanced diet with too few potassium-rich feeds such as hay or green fodder can contribute to this, as can diarrhea or increased sweating without adequate drinking water. To prevent or treat a potential deficiency, it is primarily recommended to ensure a balanced diet with sufficient potassium-rich feed.
A potassium excess in horses
can have serious consequences and should therefore be avoided at all costs. An overdose of potassium-rich feeds such as alfalfa or bananas can lead to electrolyte imbalances, which can manifest as muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmia, and even paralysis. To avoid potassium excess in horses, it is important to select feed carefully and pay attention to its mineral content. In acute cases of potassium excess, immediate action should be taken. This includes administering calcium gluconate to neutralize excess calcium ions in the body and administering saline solution to support kidney function.
Iron deficiency in horses
Iron is an important component of red blood cells and plays a crucial role in oxygen transport throughout the body. An iron deficiency can therefore lead to reduced performance and fatigue, as well as a weakened immune system.
An excess of iron
However, iron deficiency can also have negative effects. Damage to organs such as the liver or heart can occur because excess iron cannot be excreted. Overdosing on iron supplements should be avoided. A balanced diet with sufficient hay or grass, supplemented with mineral feed if necessary, is usually sufficient to cover the horse's needs. Overall, it is important to ensure that the horse is protected from both potential deficiencies and overdose – this is the only way to ensure that it stays healthy and can achieve its full potential.
Zinc deficiency in horses
A zinc deficiency in horses is manifested, among other things, by impaired wound healing and a weakened immune system and Skin problems such as dandruff or hair loss. Hoof growth may be affected.
However, an excess of zinc
problematic for the horse's organism. An excess of this mineral, for example, can impede the absorption of copper and thus lead to a deficiency of this important trace element. To ensure an optimal zinc balance in the horse's body, a balanced diet is important. Overdose through supplemental feed should be avoided, as this could have negative effects.
Copper deficiency in horses
Copper is an essential trace element required for many important functions in the horse's body. It plays an important role in the formation of red blood cells and enzymes, as well as in the metabolism of Amino acids and iron. A copper deficiency can lead to a number of problems, such as anemia, poor wound healing, or a weakened immune system.
An excess of copper
However, it can also be harmful and lead to liver or kidney damage. It is therefore important to ensure that the horse receives sufficient, but not excessive, copper. A balanced diet with an appropriate ratio of minerals is crucial. One way to check your horse's copper status is to have a veterinarian determine the serum concentration via blood tests. If a deficiency is detected, appropriate feed supplements can be given to meet the requirement.
Manganese deficiency in horses
A balanced manganese level is essential for bone formation, metabolism, and the horse's immune system. A deficiency in this important trace element can result in reduced performance and a poor coat shine, as well as growth and fertility problems. Increased susceptibility to infections and impaired Sugar metabolism may indicate a deficiency.
On the other hand, an excess of manganese
negative effects. Excessive intake of this trace element through feed or water can lead to, among other things, diarrhea and vomiting, nervousness, or even symptoms of poisoning. To ensure an optimal supply of this vital mineral, horse owners should therefore ensure that their animals are fed sufficient, but not excessive, feed containing manganese.
Selenium deficiency in horses
Selenium is a vital trace element required for many metabolic processes in the body. A deficiency of this element can lead to muscle weakness and lameness, as well as cardiovascular problems. To prevent a deficiency, the horse's feed should be sufficiently enriched with selenium.
However, caution is advised: An overdose of selenium
can also have negative health effects and even cause symptoms of poisoning. It is therefore recommended to have the selenium content of the feed checked regularly and, if necessary, adjusted with supplements. Testing the soil for selenium content and consulting a veterinarian or nutritionist may also be helpful.
Overall, it's important to strike a healthy balance between providing sufficient amounts of important minerals and trace elements and avoiding overdoses. Natural supplements are a better alternative to synthetically produced mineral feeds because they are better absorbed by the horse and overdose is more difficult to achieve – for the benefit of your beloved four-legged friend!
Source: Martina Hemm July 2025
